鸭绿江口的溶解无机氮

本文讨论了１９９６年５月鸭绿江溶解无机氮的含量和分布变化特征，并同其他一些河口作了比较，鸭绿江口ＮＯ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ２－Ｎ，ＮＨ４－Ｎ的平均含量分别为５０．３．０．４５和３．０５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，而丹东上游鸭绿江支流瑗河下降的溶解无机氮浓度很高，达２０３．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，主要由农业施用氮肥大量从耕用地中流失所致。     

Estimation of far-field horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients from the concentration field of a wastewater plume near the Akashi Strait

We carried out a field study of the plume discharged by a near-shore wastewater outfall near the Akashi Strait, Japan. Using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and a tow-body CTD, we measured the near-surface salinity and temperature fields in the region throughout an M₂ tidal cycle. We filtered the data in T–S space to remove water masses other than the wastewater, and then used the adiabatic mixing assumption to calculate the concentration of wastewater in the far field of this plume. Averaging the T–S fields of repeated surveys over a time period during which the tidal regime did not change substantially, allowed comparison of the time-averaged plume with the analytical solution for a plume diffusing in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The resulting vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients agreed well with those resulting from Thorpe scales determined via a vertically-profiling CTD, as well as with the canonical value for open channel flow of D _z = 0.067hu _*. The corresponding horizontal turbulent diffusion coefficients, however, were two orders of magnitude larger than those typically observed in straight channels, and an order of magnitude larger than those observed in meandering rivers. This is likely a result of enhanced horizontal mixing due to barotropic eddies generated by the interaction of strong tidal flow with headlands and levees, as well as due to the time-varying nature of tidal flow, and baroclinic spreading of the buoyant wastewater plume.     

The impact of detritivorous fishes on a mangrove estuarine system

Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India is one of the largest detritus based ecosystem of the world and it supplies the detritus and nutrients to the adjacent Hooghly-Matla estuarine complex. In this estuary a group of fish completely detritivorous in nature, belonging to the genus Mugil spp. is present. This group of fish is expected to have important effects on the trophic dynamics of ecosystems, but exact nature of these effects is not known. In order to study the impact that detritivory by fish may have on the estuarine food chain, we developed mathematical formulations. We run two models, one with phytoplankton, zooplankton, carnivorous fish, detritus and nutrient and without this group of fish and a second one after including this fish in the system. In our model this group of fish has no major impact on primary productions of the estuarine system but has extensive role in total fish production. Coexistence of detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish occurs within reasonable parameter range. We have tested different growth rates of phytoplankton, grazing rates and predation rates of zooplankton, detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish for total system equilibrium. Carnivorous fish predation rate on detritivorous fish and detritivorous fish grazing rate on detritus are very important. Different foraging ratios are also tested in this study. Foraging preference of carnivorous fish on detritivorous fish appears significant for the system equilibrium.     

黄河口近岸海域沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)的研究

测定了黄河口近岸海域11个站位表层沉积物样品的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步浸提重金属(SEM)含量,对AVS、SEM和差值(SEM-AVS)的大小和平面分布进行了分析,结果表明:该海域表层沉积物AVS含量范围为0.152～1.847 μmol/g,平均值为0.935 μmol/g;SEM含量分布范围为0.899～1.863 μmol/g,平均值为1.327 μmol/g,调查海域表层沉积物SEM-AVS差值的变化范围为-0.594～1.365 μmol/g,平均值为0.392 μmol/g.黄河口门沉积物中重金属(SEM)可能对水生生物有一定的毒性;在调查海域的东部和北部海域存在两个低值区,沉积物中重金属是安全的,从黄河口向莱州湾内,沉积物重金属对水生生物的毒性是逐渐降低的.     

崎头洋海砂开采对朱家尖沿岸沙滩的影响

采用三角形单元法建立了崎头洋采砂作业区局部平面二维潮流数学模型,潮位、流速、流向和水流运动形态的验证结果与天然海域状况基本一致,在此基础上,对朱家尖东侧沙滩沙子流失现象的成因和机理进行了深入的探讨。研究结果认为:崎头洋采砂工程前后引起的潮流流场变化仅限于工程区本身及其附近区域,对大范围海域的流态没有影响;朱家尖东侧沙滩沙子流失的原因乃是由波浪入射近岸浅水域破碎后掀沙,斜向破波产生沿岸流,潮流和沿岸流共同挟带泥沙输移所致。同时出于保护环境和资源的角度,建议严格控制采砂规模。     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域海水及大气中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海-气通量研究

挥发性卤代烃(Volatile halocarbons,VHCs)是大气中重要的痕量温室气体,在全球变暖和大气化学中扮演着重要的角色.运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2016年7月4—16日对长江口及其邻近海域6种常见的挥发性卤代烃(CFC-11、CFC-12、CH2Cl2、CCl_4、C_2Cl_4、CHBr3)的浓度进行了测定.同时,测定了大气中的CCl_4、CFC-11、CFC-12和C_2Cl_4浓度.结果表明,受陆源输入、水团及生物作用因素的影响,海水中6种VHCs的浓度分布总体呈现出近岸高、远海低的趋势.受地理位置和水文等条件影响,不同的VHCs垂直分布有所差别,但浓度的高值区出现在0~20 m水体中.相关性分析表明,CHBr3与Chl-a之间存在显著正相关,说明CHBr3分布受到浮游植物生物量的影响;CCl_4、C_2Cl_4与CFC-11显著正相关,推测三者拥有相似的来源.另外,分析结果显示,CHBr3与pH之间没有相关性.大气中除CFC-11外,CCl_4、CFC-12和C_2Cl_4的平均浓度均高于全球平均值.大气中4种VHCs浓度分布表现出近岸高、外海低的趋势.后向轨迹分析表明,近岸的陆源污染及大气的扩散输送是长江口及其附近海域上方大气VHCs的重要来源.采用双膜模型估算了卤代烃的海-气通量,结果表明,夏季长江口及其邻近海域是大气中CCl_4、C_2Cl_4、CHBr3、CH2Cl2的源.     

长江口及其邻近海域沉积物磷的赋存形态和空间分布

采用SMT磷分级法研究长江口及其邻近海域沉积物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征,并探讨了其影响因子.研究结果表明,沉积物中总磷(TP)含量为476.91~980.04μg·g~(-1),有机磷(OP)含量为15.84~139.21μg·g~(-1);而无机磷(IP)为主要赋存形态,其含量为421.67~844.86μg·g~(-1),约占TP 72.9%~96.7%.IP中以钙结合态磷(HCl-P)为主,其含量为186.88~431.69μg·g~(-1),占IP的42.3%~57.79%;而铁/锰结合态磷(Na OH-P)的含量最少,其含量为4.17~52.76μg·g~(-1),仅占IP的2.0%~3.3%.空间分布上,不同形态磷含量具有明显的时空变化特征.夏季TP和IP的含量由咸水端到淡水端呈现出先降低后升高,冬季则先升高后降低的趋势.OP的含量在夏季时无明显分布规律,而在冬季时表现出由咸水端到淡水端降低的趋势.Na OH-P含量在冬夏季均表现为淡水端处较高;HCl-P含量在夏季无明显的变化规律,而冬季时近淡水端处较高.沉积物粒径大小影响磷的赋存形态,表现为夏季粘粒对OP影响较大;冬季粘粒和粉粒与IP存在着负相关性,与OP存在着显著的正相关性.此外,沉积物总有机碳、盐度和碱性磷酸酶活性也是影响磷赋存形态的主要因子.     

Organochlorine contaminants in different tissues from Platichthys flesus (Pisces,Pleuronectidea)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are organic contaminants that tend to accumulate in fish. Estuaries are exposed to high anthropogenic activities, therefore tending to accumulate more contaminants than the adjacent coastal waters. Platichthys flesus, a fish with high economic value, was analysed for PCBs and HCB along its different age groups, in liver, gills, gonads and muscle. Younger fishes were caught in the estuary, whereas older fishes were caught in the adjacent coastal waters and acquired at Figueira da Foz Regional Office of Docapesca-Portos e Lotas, SA. Both contaminants concentrations follow the pattern: liver > gills > muscle. Hepatosomatic index had the lowest values in younger fishes and the highest values in older fishes. Condition factor values remain stable with age. Younger fishes had higher PCBs concentrations than the older fishes. In opposition HCB was only detected in fish from 3+ to 5+ and its concentration tended to increase with age. Overall P. flesus is considered safe for human intake.     

Sediment-water distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Yangtze River Estuary

Analysis of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) distribution in water and sediment in Yangtze River Estuary showed that the estuary was a sink for PFOS. Salinity was an important parameter in controlling the sediment-water interactions and the fate or transport of PFOS in the aquatic environment. As the salinity (S‰) increased from 0.18 to 3.31, the distribution coefficient (K_d) between sediment and water linearly increased from 0.76 to 4.70 L g⁻¹. The study suggests that PFOS may be carried with the river water and transported for long distances before it reaches to the sea and largely scavenged to the sediment in the estuaries due to the dramatic change in salinity.     

Using sequential extraction techniques to assess the partitioning of plutonium and neptunium-237 from multiple sources in sediments from the Ob River (Siberia)

Sequential extraction techniques have been developed to assess partitioning of anthropogenic radionuclides (²⁴⁰Pu, ²³⁹Pu, and ²³⁷Np), originating from a variety of sources, as identified by using bulk sediment isotopic composition. Sediments were leached sequentially with a series of six chemical treatments designed to approximate different environmental processes that may occur or to selectively extract trace metals contained in different solid phases of the sediments (i.e., exchangeable, reducible, carbonate, organic, acid leachable, and refractory). Results indicate the majority of Pu and Np is similarly distributed within many of the extracted fractions, with the largest percentage (66–97%) of both elements being observed in sediments treated with buffered citrate dithionite (CDB), which targets easily reduced constituents such as Mn and Fe hydrous oxides. While these results do indicate an association of Pu and Np with redox sensitive elements, the environmental implications are unclear given that the CDB treatment is more extreme than naturally occurring conditions. Minor amounts of Np partition differently from Pu in sediments. The NH₄-acetate treatment, which is designed to liberate trace metals that are loosely adsorbed onto the surfaces of sedimentary materials such as hydrated iron oxides and humic substances, or present at exchangeable sites in clay minerals, mobilized ∼12% of the total Np while Pu levels were below detection. The H₂O₂ treatment, which is designed to liberate trace metals bound to organic matter, mobilized ∼8 and ∼1% of Np and Pu, respectively. These results indicate that a minor portion of the total Np may be affected by environmental conditions that have little or no effect on Pu. Between 7 and 24% of the Pu was observed in treatments designed to liberate Pu and Np that are tightly bound to lithogenic phases or refractory silicates. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu observed in accessible and refractory fractions ranged between 0.11 and 0.18. With the exception of one sample, the ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu isotope ratios measured in the refractory fractions are essentially identical having a mean ratio value of 0.123 ± 0.001 (1σ). The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratios provide isotopic evidence that suggests a portion of non-fallout contamination has a refractory nature. The presence of similarly low ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratios in refractory fractions of sediments from the Ob and Irtysh Rivers suggests the existence of a source of refractory Pu which is consistent with refractory “hot particles” derived from surface tests at the Semipalitinsk test site.